Die Technologie der Laser zur Erzeugung von ultraviolettem Licht bringt eine Reihe von Herausforderungen mit sich:

 

Bei kurzen Wellenlängen führt eine starke spontane Emission zu einer hohen Pumpleistungsschwelle (außer wenn die Verstärkungsbandbreite schmal ist).

Für Wellenlängen unter ≈ 200 nm ist die Auswahl an transparenten und UV-beständigen optischen Materialien recht begrenzt (siehe Artikel über ultraviolettes Licht).

Bereits geringe Oberflächenrauheiten oder Blasenanteile optischer Komponenten können zu starken Wellenfrontverzerrungen und Streuverlusten führen.

Dennoch gibt es verschiedene Arten von Lasern, die ultraviolettes Licht direkt erzeugen können:

 

There are laser diodes, normally based on gallium nitride (GaN), emitting in the near-ultraviolet region. The available power levels, however, are limited.

Some solid-state bulk lasers, e.g. based on cerium-doped crystals such as Ce3+:LiCAF or Ce3+:LiLuF4, can emit ultraviolet light. Cerium lasers are in most cases pumped with nanosecond pulses from a frequency-quadrupled Q-switched laser, and thus emit nanosecond pulses themselves. With Q-switched microchip lasers, even sub-nanosecond pulse durations are possible. Mode-locked operation has also been demonstrated [14].

Few fiber lasers can generate ultraviolet light [10]. For example, some neodymium-doped fluoride fibers can be used for lasers emitting around 380 nm, but only at low power levels.

Although most dye lasers emit visible light, some laser dyes are suitable for ultraviolet emission.

Excimer lasers are very powerful UV sources, also emitting nanosecond pulses, but with average output powers between a few watts and hundreds of watts. Typical wavelengths are between 157 nm (F2) and 351 nm (XeF).

Argon ion lasers can continuously emit at wavelengths of 334 and 351 nm, even though with lower powers than on the usual 514-nm line. Some other ultraviolet lines are accessible with krypton ion lasers.

There are also ion lasers emitting in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region. These can be based on, e.g., argon, but unlike in ordinary argon ion lasers one operates with Ar8+ ions, generated in a much hotter plasma. The emission then occurs at 46.9 nm. Such lasers can be pumped either with a capillary discharge or with an intense laser pulse.

Nitrogen lasers are molecular gas lasers emitting in the ultraviolet. The strongest emission line is at 337.1 nm.

Free electron lasers can emit ultraviolet light of essentially any wavelength, and with high average powers. However, they are very expensive and bulky sources, and are therefore not very widely used.

Apart from real ultraviolet lasers, there are ultraviolet laser sources based on a laser with a longer wavelength (in the visible or near-infrared spectral region) and one or several nonlinear crystals for nonlinear frequency conversion. Some examples:

 

The wavelength of 355 nm can be generated by frequency tripling the output of a 1064-nm Nd:YAG or Nd:YVO4 laser.

266-nm light is obtained with two subsequent frequency doublers, which in effect quadruple the laser frequency.

213-nm light corresponds to the 5th harmonic of 1064 nm, obtained by frequency tripling or quadrupling plus sum frequency generation. Overall, that conversion may not be very efficient, but relatively low output powers are sufficient for some applications.

Diode lasers can be equipped with nonlinear frequency conversion stages to produce UV light. For example, one may use a continuous-wave near-infrared laser and apply resonant frequency doubling twice, arriving at wavelengths around 300 nm. A main attraction of this approach is that a wide range of wavelengths is accessible, with no limitations to certain laser lines.

Ultraviolet lasers need to be made with special ultraviolet optics, having a high optical quality and (particularly for pulsed lasers) a high resistance to UV light. In some cases, the lifetime of a UV laser is limited by the lifetime of the used optical elements such as laser mirrors.

 

For the extreme ultraviolet region, there are sources based on high harmonic generation. Such sources can reach wavelengths down to a few nanometers while still having a table-top format. The average output powers, however, are fairly low.

 

Fiber Coupling

The delivery of ultraviolet light in optical fibers is possible even at rather short wavelengths, but involves more serious limitations, comparing with sources for the visible or infrared spectral region. For example, silica fibers may exhibit substantial degradation (called solarization) when exposed to short-wavelength light, but that tendency depends strongly on the chemical composition of the fused silica. There are also attempts to use hollow-core fibers for UV transmission; the basic idea is to have most of the UV light in the air core, with only little overlap with the silica material which provides the guiding. That principle can be utilized even in wavelength regions where the absorption of fused silica is substantial.

 

Applications

Ultraviolet lasers find various applications:

Pulsed high-power ultraviolet lasers can be used for efficient cutting and drilling of small holes in a variety of materials, including materials which are transparent to visible light. They have a substantial market share in the area of laser micromachining, despite the higher cost compared with infrared laser sources.

High energy UV pulses are used for the technique of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

With far lower pulse energies in a precisely focused beam, one e.g. do microdissection of biological materials under a microscope, or perform photoluminescence analysis (fluorescence lifetime measurements).

Continuous-wave UV sources are required for micro-lithography and for wafer inspection, e.g. in the context of semiconductor chip manufacturing. Another application is UV Raman spectroscopy.

Both continuous-wave and pulsed UV lasers are used for fabricating fiber Bragg gratings.

Some methods of eye surgery, in particular refractive laser eye surgery of the cornea in the form of LASIK, require UV (sometimes even deep-UV) laser sources.

Ultraviolet laser sources involve some special safety hazards, mostly related to the risks of eye damage and causing skin cancer. The article on laser safety gives some details.

 

Lifetime Issues

Compared to infrared and visible laser sources, ultraviolet laser sources tentatively have more problems with limited device lifetimes. This is essentially because various optical materials (e.g. laser crystals, nonlinear crystals and optical elements) exhibit degradation effects initiated by absorption of ultraviolet light. Another sometimes encountered problem is that hydrocarbons, resulting e.g. from out-gasing of lubricants of mirror mounts, are decomposed by ultraviolet light, which can lead to the deposition of black soot on optical elements. Such issues need to be carefully treated in the product development in order to realize the basic potential for long lifetimes of a particular laser type.